"Brothers in Genocide" (continued) - Tessa SAVVIDIS-HOFMANN
The article by Tessa Savvidis-Hofmann, "Brethren in Genocide" (continued), published in issue No. 4 (19) of ANIV, is devoted to the systematic destruction of the Ottoman Greeks in the period following the end of the First World War up to the final defeat of the Greek army in Asia Minor, which the author regards as a direct continuation and logical culmination of the policy of genocide against the Christian peoples of the Ottoman Empire.
Introduction and Methodology
The author builds the narrative on an extensive body of primary sources: diplomatic correspondence, memoranda by British and French officials (in particular, the 1922 memorandum by G. W. Rendel), eyewitness testimonies, telegrams from local committees, and reports from the American press. This approach is intended to provide documentary confirmation of the deliberate and organized nature of the persecutions.
Central Thesis
The article's central thesis is that the end of the world war did not stop but merely temporarily suspended the anti-Christian terror, which resumed with the rise to power of the Kemalist movement. The author demonstrates that:
- resistance to the Entente was, from the very outset, identical to anti-Christian resistance;
- many participants in the genocidal crimes against the Armenians and Greeks feared being held accountable and continued the violence in an effort to prevent the possible repatriation of the victims;
- official structures ("Committees for the Defense of National Rights," "Karakol") were used to organize resistance and to shelter the perpetrators.
Chronicle of Atrocities
The article provides a detailed chronology of massacres across various regions of Asia Minor:
- the destruction of the Greek population of Aydin (June 1919, over 3,000 victims);
- terror in the Diocese of Angora, in Eski-Shehir, and in Kütahya;
- mass killings in Yozgat, Otsoglu, and Iznik (Nicaea) under the command of officer Cemil Bey;
- massacres in Nazli, Sarayköy, and Denizli (1920);
- the deportation and destruction of the Greeks of Samsun and the Pontus region under the leadership of "Topal" Osman.
The Role of Key Figures
Particular attention is given to the activities of Mustafa Kemal, as well as to field commanders — Cemil Bey, Edhem Bey, and Osman Agha Feridinoğlu — whose actions the author characterizes as a continuation and intensification of the methods tested during the Armenian genocide (deportations, burning alive, strangulation, rape, confiscation of property).
The Position of the Allies
The author records the discrepancy between the Entente's declarations regarding the protection of Christians and reparations and the powers' actual inaction, which compelled Greece to send troops to Ionia on its own initiative in order to protect the population.
The article's concluding finding is that the postwar persecutions of the Ottoman Greeks were not spontaneous excesses but a deliberate policy of extermination, inherited by the Kemalist movement from the preceding authorities and completing the process begun by the genocide of the Armenians and Assyrians during the years of the world war.
Drawing on documentary evidence, the article traces how the persecution of Ottoman Greeks after 1918 became the organized completion of the Ottoman Empire's genocidal policy, rather than a separate episode of interethnic violence.
genocidal continuity